The aim of the present study was, firstly to explore the motivational properties of physical self-concept, and secondly to examine whether exercise activity has the effects on the development of an individual physical self-concept. The participants in this study were 83 college students that were assigned to either experimental(n=43, Mean age=21.02, SD=±2.42) with a 12 week exercise program of control group(n=40, mean age=20.55, SD=±1.66). The used instrument was the Korean version of the physical self-description questionnaire. The results were as followings: First, the result of the t-test showed that statistically significant differences between experimental and control group were founded only in four specific components of physical self-concept, namely, sports competence, physical activity, endurance, and global physical self-concept. This result indicated that exercise participation should be influenced by physical ability rather than sociopsychological components(e.g. appearance, body fat/slim, self-esteem etc.). Second, according to the ANCOVA, statistically significant differences between the two groups were founded in all eight specific components of physical self-concept, with the exception of two components(body fat/slim and appearance)that are influenced strongly by the standard of society and significant others. This result can be interpreted that exercise participation has a positive effect on the most components of the physical self-concept.

Adaption of questionnaires and inventories into Korean culture requires rigorous cross-cultural translation and validation process. Researchers in our filed tend to rely on simple translation, neglecting appropriate translation and validation procedures. With the rise of research using translated questionnaires, researchers also face with difficulties in using standard translation techniques. This study presented a methodology developed by cross-cultural researchers that guides translation and validation of questionnaires and inventories developed in Western cultures. These cross-cultural translation techniques involve six steps (i. e., preparation of preliminary versions, evaluation of preliminary versions, pretest the experimental version, evaluation of validity, evaluation of reliability, and establishing norm) and insures reliable and validation of questionnaires was provided and the need for reevaluation of Korean versions of popular sport-specific questionnaires was discussed.

The purpose of this study was to develop Korean version of Sport Attribution Scale by examining Attribution factors of 158 High School players and 169 College players in success/failure. In addition, Korean Sport Attribution Scale were tested statistically as having subjects of 391 High school players and 221 College players. The results of the study demonstrated that Attribution factors of success were effort, condition, ability, teamwork, luck, confidence, leadership, the level of opponents, concentration, and physical strength. Attribution factors of failure were lack of effort, lack of abilities, poor conditioning, weak mental condition, self-sufficiency, lack of teamwork, bad luck, decreased physical strength, decreased concentration, psychological pressure, and the level of opponents. The Questionnaires were based on the raw data of attributional factors. As the results of factor analysis, questionnaire-response rate, and validity analysis, Sport Success Attribution Questionnaires(7 factors, 25 questions) consists of analysis of opponents, mental toughness, leadership, luck, teamwork, effort, and condition. Sport Failure Attribution Questionnaires(5 factors, 22 Questions) were self-sufficiency, lack of teamwork, poor conditioning, and weak mental condition.

The purposes of this study were ⒜ to assess elite archers` perceptions of the importance of concentration and their ability to regulate it, and ⒝ to explore cognitive and behavioral strategies frequently employed during training and competition situations. A total of 63 Korean archers with average of more than 10 years of experience responded to open-ended questions regarding their concentration strategies. Concentration was ranked as the second most important psychological factor during competition. However their ability to regulate concentration could not reach the importance rating. The most frequently reported strategies for concentration while standing at the shooting line included confidence-enhancing thoughts, positive self-talk, and mental rehearsal. Confidence building, maintaining rhythm and kinesthetic feelings, and focusing on the target were major strategies while aiming and shooting. During competition, they commonly used such strategies as confidence-building thoughts, breathing and relaxation, and remaining in the zone. After the event, they gather necessary information from experience to improve their performance. This study demonstrated in-depth information regarding concentration strategies for elite archer that guides future research on concentration-based psychological skills training (PST).

The purpose of this study is to develop a device for analyzing the reasons for participating in recreational running. 650 runner for this study were randomly selected ranging from 17 to 70 years of age participating in recreational running. 614 out of 650 questionnaire were retuned. 598 completed questionnaire were, however, analyzed except 16 dishonest questionnaire. The questionnaire was composed of 44 items which I made up via the previous open type questionnaire. The analysis based basics statics, Cronbach`s Alpha, exploratory factor analysis, MANOVA was conducted through PC using SPSS version 11.0. A significance level of p＜.05 was used for all statistical test. The results of this research are as follows: First, the answers are classified into factors under three motivation through the exploratory factor analysis. The three classified motivations are intrinsic motivation, extrinsic motivations, and amotivation. The intrinsic motivations has three sub factors : pleasant mood seeking, achievement, and enjoyment. The extrinsic motivations has five sub factors : healthㆍfitness, sex life, affiliation, weight loss, and stress riddance. The amotivation has no sub factor. Second, the subjects showed high motivation for healthㆍfitness, pleasant mood seeking stress riddance, and achievement, but showed low motivation for affiliation or amotivation. Third, the males showed higher scores on sex life, healthㆍfitness, enjoyment, pleasant mood seeking, and achievement than the females. The females showed higher scores on weight loss and amotivation than the males.

The purposes of this study are to analyze the reasons of mistakes that male gymnastic players recognize through the interviewing and to plan to deal with those problems by presentation the informations about the reasons of mistakes to the general gymnastic players and the directors. This study makes the targets for the analysis the male gymnastic players that participated in the 14th Asian Games as the members of the national team. The materials that was drawn through the depth interviewing are analyzed inductively. The results of this study are as follows : The reasons of mistakes are classified into four categories : the physical factor, the psychological factor, the human relations factor, and the environment factor. There is a raw date in the physical factor, and 8raw date in the psychological factor. Then, there are 3raw date in the human relations factor, and a raw date in the environment factor. With these results in mind, the following recommendations may be possible. First, it is important that the psychological reasons are controlled to reduce the mistakes in the match. Second, it is necessary that the gymnastic players must practice and be trained to prepare the psychological reasons of the mistakes.

The primary purpose of the study was to identify the psychological reaction of adolescent athletes to violence and bullying, the characteristics of victims, and the causes of violence. The second purpose of the study was to explore the psychological stress of the adolescent athletes under continuing violence. Thirty athletes participated in the study. The participants were football, basketball and baseball players. Semistructured interviews, which were recoded, were utilized to examine the psychological states of the participants. Inductive factor analysis was used to classify the dimensions of the interview contents. The result indicated that the coaches and senior members showed the worst violence pattern and parents demonstrated higher frequency of verbal violence. The psychological reaction of the athletes depended upon the status in their team. The violence assaulters were usually low in their ability. They showed violence regularly. When victims were high in their self-esteem and assertive, they were more bothered from their coaches and senior members. The reason why the adolescent athletes participated in exercise despite of the violence was simply that they liked their sport. To make summary of the study, violence and bullying brings serious psychological problems to adolescent athletes. Thus, coaches and teachers should pay more attention to them.

The purpose of this study was to determine if Korean and American adolescents differed in terms of defining their success and failure within school and sports contexts. A two step procedure was used in this study. In Phase 1, an open-ended questionnaire was used to ask the adolescents from the two cultures to provide components of success and failure in school and sports. The results of Phase 1 were used in Phase 2 to assess sex differences within each culture as well as cross-cultural differences. Responses to the questionnaire were analyzed using factor analyses for cultural differences. In addition, one-way MANOVA procedures were employed to determine gender differences on each factor. The results revealed that there were gender differences within each culture and cross-cultural differences in perceptions of success and failure in school and sports. These gender and cultural differences in defining success and failure were explained as resulting from cultural factors such as socialization, education and value orientations. The present study partially supported Maehr and Nicholls` notion of achievement motivation.

This study examined the relationship between self-esteem and causal attributions for perceived competence in the physical domain in Korean children`s sport. Korean children (94 boys and 74 girls, ages 10 to 12) participating in a sports program were assessed on measures of physical self-esteem, perceptions of performance success, and performance attributions. Multivariate analyses revealed a significant relationship for boys between self-esteem, perceived success and causal attributions. The higher the perceptions of physical self-esteem and success, the more boys made attributions that were personally controllable, externally control, and stable. These results show similar findings to those found by Weiss et al. (1990) for Korean boys. Boys were higher in physical self-esteem, expectancy for success, and internal locus of causality than were girls. This result supports Kim and Gill`s(1997) finding with similar-aged male athletes scoring higher on perceived competence than female athletes. The causal ascriptions to external control may be due to the specific cultural values in Korea. In Korea, modesty and humbleness are important social values.